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Explanation
According to the CISM Review Manual, the information security manager’s best course of action when security controls may no longer be adequate due to changes in the organization’s environment is to perform a new risk assessment. A risk assessment is a process of identifying, analyzing, and evaluating the risks that affect the organization’s information assets and business processes. A risk assessment should be performed periodically or whenever there are significant changes in the organization’s environment, such as new threats, vulnerabilities, technologies, regulations, or business objectives. A risk assessment helps to determine the current level of risk exposure and the adequacy of existing security controls. A risk assessment also provides the basis for developing or updating the risk treatment plan, which defines the appropriate risk responses, such as implementing new or enhanced security controls, transferring the risk to a third party, accepting the risk, or avoiding the risk.
The other options are not the best course of action in this scenario. Reviewing the previous risk assessment and countermeasures may not reflect the current state of the organization’s environment and may not identify new or emerging risks. Evaluating countermeasures to mitigate new risks may be premature without performing a new risk assessment to identify and prioritize the risks. Transferring the new risk to a third party may not be feasible or cost-effective without performing a new risk assessment to evaluate the risk level and the available risk transfer options.
References = CISM Review Manual, 16th Edition, Chapter 2, Section 1, pages 43-45.

Security metrics are the best way to determine the maturity of an information security program because they are quantifiable indicators of the performance and effectiveness of the security controls and processes. Security metrics help to evaluate the current state of security, identify gaps and weaknesses, measure progress and improvement, and communicate the value and impact of security to stakeholders. Therefore, security metrics are the correct answer.
Reference:
https://www.isaca.org/resources/isaca-journal/issues/2020/volume-6/key-performance-indicators-for-security-governance-part-1
https://www.gartner.com/en/publications/protect-your-business-assets-with-roadmap-for-maturing-information-security

Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
Choice A represents the primary driver for the information security manager to make use of external resources. The information security manager will continue to be responsible for meeting the security program requirements despite using the services of external resources. The external resources should never completely replace the role of internal resources from a strategic perspective. The external resources cannot have a better knowledge of the business of the information security manager’s organization than do the internal resources.

Data owners are the most knowledgeable of the security needs of the business application for which they are responsible. The system developer, security manager and system custodian will have specific knowledge on limited areas but will not have full knowledge of the business issues that affect the level of security required. The steering committee does not perform at that level of detail on the operation.

Section: INFORMATION SECURITY GOVERNANCE
Explanation:
Information security has to be integrated into the requirements of the application’s design. It should also be part of the information security governance of the organization. The application owner may not make a timely request for security involvement. It is too late during systems testing, since the requirements have already been agreed upon. Code reviews are part of the final quality assurance process.

Explanation
The best option to indicate the organizational benefit of an information security solution is D. Costs and benefits of the solution calculated over time. This is because costs and benefits of the solution calculated over time, also known as the return on security investment (ROSI), can help to measure and demonstrate the value and effectiveness of the information security solution in terms of reducing risks, enhancing performance, and achieving strategic goals. ROSI can also help to justify the allocation and optimization of the resources and budget for the information security solution, and to compare and prioritize different security alternatives.
ROSI can be calculated by using various methods and formulas, such as the annualized loss expectancy (ALE), the annualized rate of occurrence (ARO), and the cost-benefit analysis (CBA).
Costs and benefits of the solution calculated over time, also known as the return on security investment (ROSI), can help to measure and demonstrate the value and effectiveness of the information security solution in terms of reducing risks, enhancing performance, and achieving strategic goals. (From CISM Manual or related resources) References = CISM Review Manual 15th Edition, Chapter 3, Section 3.1.3, page 1311; CISM Review Questions, Answers & Explanations Manual 9th Edition, Question 99, page 26; How to Calculate Return on Security Investment (ROSI) – Infosec2

Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
When establishing an information security program, conducting a risk assessment is key to identifying the needs of the organization and developing a security strategy. Defining security metrics, performing a gap analysis and procuring security tools are all subsequent considerations.

Explanation
Confidentiality is the security objective that best ensures that information is protected against unauthorized disclosure. Confidentiality means that only authorized parties can access or view sensitive or classified information. Integrity means that information is accurate and consistent and has not been tampered with or modified by unauthorized parties. Authenticity means that information is genuine and trustworthy and has not been forged or misrepresented by unauthorized parties. Nonrepudiation means that information can be verified and proven to be sent or received by a specific party without any possibility of denial. References:
https://www.csoonline.com/article/3513899/the-cia-triad-definition-components-and-examples.html

Explanation/Reference:
Explanation:
Encryption provides the most effective protection of data on mobile devices. Authentication on its own is not very secure. Prohibiting employees from copying data to USB devices and limiting the use of USB devices are after the fact.

Explanation
Key risk indicators (KRIs) are metrics that measure the level of risk exposure and the likelihood of occurrence of potential adverse events that can affect the organization’s objectives and performance. KRIs are used to monitor changes in the risk environment and to provide early warning signals for potential issues that may require management attention or intervention. KRIs are also used to communicate the risk status and trends to the relevant stakeholders and to support risk-based decision making12.
The primary reason to monitor KRIs related to information security is to alert on unacceptable risk.
Unacceptable risk is the level of risk that exceeds the organization’s risk appetite, tolerance, or threshold, and that poses a significant threat to the organization’s assets, operations, reputation, or compliance. Unacceptable risk can result from internal or external factors, such as cyberattacks, data breaches, system failures, human errors, fraud, natural disasters, or regulatory changes. Unacceptable risk can have severe consequences for the organization, such as financial losses, legal liabilities, operational disruptions, customer dissatisfaction, or reputational damage12.
By monitoring KRIs related to information security, the organization can identify and assess the sources, causes, and impacts of unacceptable risk, and take timely and appropriate actions to mitigate, transfer, avoid, or accept the risk. Monitoring KRIs can also help the organization to evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of the existing information security controls, policies, and procedures, and to identify and implement any necessary improvements or enhancements. Monitoring KRIs can also help the organization to align its information security strategy and objectives with its business strategy and objectives, and to ensure compliance with the relevant laws, regulations, standards, and best practices12.
While monitoring KRIs related to information security can also serve other purposes, such as identifying residual risk, reassessing risk appetite, or benchmarking control performance, these are not the primary reason for monitoring KRIs. Residual risk is the level of risk that remains after applying the risk treatment options, and it should be within the organization’s risk appetite, tolerance, or threshold. Reassessing risk appetite is the process of reviewing and adjusting the amount and type of risk that the organization is willing to take in pursuit of its objectives, and it should be done periodically or when there are significant changes in the internal or external environment. Benchmarking control performance is the process of comparing the organization’s information security controls with those of other organizations or industry standards, and it should be done to identify and adopt the best practices or to demonstrate compliance12. References = Integrating KRIs and KPIs for Effective Technology Risk Management, The Power of KRIs in Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) – Metricstream, What Is a Key Risk Indicator? With Characteristics and Tips, KRI Framework for Operational Risk Management | Workiva, Key risk indicator – Wikipedia